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Published by 

Gbe iPbilippine publishing Company 

BOSTON, MASS. 



Copyrighted, 1905, by Herhknt E. Ellsworth 




4 




THE 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 
ILLUSTRATED 



BY 

HERBERT E. ELLSWORTH 



400 VIEWS FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS 



BOSTON 
PHILIPPINE PUBLISHING CO 
x 9°5 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies ftsceivea 

JAN 9 1905 

NlLASS CL XXc, No; 
COPY B. 



4-1 



Copyrighted, l'J04, 
By Herbert E. Ellsworth. 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ILLUSTRATE]) 



America in the Philippines 

By Hon. A. W. FERGUSSON, 

Executive Secretary to Hon. William H. Taft, Ex-Governor of the Philippines, 
now Secretary of War. 

THE SUBJECT upon. which I have been asked to write 
covers so large a field, has been treated by such able 
pens, and so many changes have been rung upon it, 
that it seems scarcely possible to add to its literature, and I 
shall confine myself, therefore, to what America has really 
accomplished in the Philippines rather than to consider the 
theme in its broadest aspect. And in the few pages allotted 
me I shall limit myself more especially to what the civil 
authorities have done in a quiet and unobtrusive way, since 
the work of the army needs no praise here. It has become 
history. Its work has been performed in the way the American 
army has ever done its part — thoroughly and well. 

It is not the province of any army to come on a friendly visit 
to a foreign shore; armies are set in motion when all friendly 
overtures have failed. Their task is to bring about peace through 
the arbitrament of the sword, and the hoarse accents of the 
cannon. America came to the Philippines because the Archi- 
pelago was considered a vulnerable point in an erstwhile enemy's 
territory. She had none but the kindliest feelings towards the 
natives of the Islands, and there might never have been the 
slightest ruction in the amicable relations at first existing had 
•not her intentions been misconstrued; but in the controversies 
and uncertainties which followed Dewey's entrance into the 
harbor of Manila, extending over a period of several months, 
misunderstandings arose, heads became heated, and reason fled 
from them on the heels of calmness. So the war followed. But 
even in war the Filipino learned the difference between modern 
and fifteenth century methods of doing things. He learned 
that an enlightened nation uses its weapons of warfare to enforce 
a principle, and that neither personal nor national hatred or 
vindictiveness is the power behind the guns. Perhaps it is not 
too much to say that even at this early date the more advanced 
and enlightened Filipinos saw that even the acquisition of terri- 
tory was a minor consideration with the republic beyond the 
seas, and that having acquired sovereignty — through no desire 



America in the Philippines 



of her own, but from an overwhelming force of circumstances — 
over eight million people, it became her duty to teach them 
those ideals and conceptions of liberty that have made America 
great and that stand for the best that is known of civilization 
throughout the broad world. 

However this may be, the Filipinos, as a people, learned that 
though assault was met with counter-assault, yet friendly advan- 
ces were met with advances more friendly still ; they saw that 
though the American soldier used his weapon aggressively to 
enforce the recognition of his country's duly acquired sover- 
eignty, yet he had no desire either to reduce them to an abject 
state or to impose burdens upon them too heavy to be borne. 
These were the lessons of the hour, but, notwithstanding this, it 
was not to be expected that a people who for four centuries had 
suffered and groaned under a monarchical and military depotism 
that has hardly had a parallel in history could be content under 
a martial government, however humane and considerate. They 
could not be expected to appreciate the sentiment crystalized 
in the lines — 

" Underneath the starry flag, 
Civilize them with a Krag," 

and so though thousands returned from the field and once 
more assumed the avocations of peace and made friends of the 
American officer and soldier in the towns, yet there was en- 
couragement and assistance given to the man in the field and 
the spirit of rebellion was still rampart in many breasts. 

It was at this juncture, two years ago, when the so-called 
Filipino army had been scattered in all directions that the 
patriotic and diplomatic McKinley met the situation with a 
flank movement that is unprecedented in history. The Islands 
were in a state of insurrection, and he sends to insurrecto 
leaders and people — not peace messengers, as is customary, who 
meet for formal talk and lay propositions before a contending 
body which they may or may not accept, men who are here to- 
day and gone to-morrow; but he sends into the midst of these 
people, supposed to be bitter of spirit and evil of intent — five 
Americans of stalwart brains and kindly hearts to live among 
them and to say to them, " We are here to tell you what 
peace really means ; we are here to show you the blessings of 
liberty as it is known among enlightened nations ; we are here 



America in the Philippines 



to admit you to brotherhood with the Americans; to find out 
how much you really know of what self-government is, and so 
soon as you shall show yourselves capable of it, to bestow that 
blessing upon you. Your plea that you are capable of self- 
government has come before our President; your cry for 
liberty has been heard; your claim that you have been kept in 
subjection and your capabilities perverted and your best efforts 
stultified has been given every consideration, and we are here 
to tell you that America is ready to grant you every privilege 
and all the liberty, as you are ready for it, that the greatest of 
American citizens may have, except that she cannot yield to 
you the sovereign power. She dares not leave you a prey to 
your own internal dissensions and she cannot give you over to 
other nations." 

No sooner had the ship that bore the Commission hither 
anchored in the beautiful bay of Manila than they were visited 
by a large body of prominent natives, three at least of whom 
had been ministers and advisers of Aguinaldo — men who had 
always favored peace and who had parted with him when he 
determined to follow the advice of the hot-heads and break 
with the Americans. These natives were anxious to learn the 
intentions of the American government, and when they be- 
came possessed of them, and their confidence had been won, 
they enlisted in the cause of bringing their erring and mis- 
guided brothers to their senses. 

But a few weeks sufficed to convince the Commission that 
the encouragement they had been met with at the outset was 
not built upon sand ; day after day they were visited by seekers 
after the intentions of the government; by doubters who had 
been so long fed upon unfulfilled promises that there was no 
longer any faith in them. But when the time for converting 
words into deeds arrived ; when on the first of September, 
1900, the Commission entered upon its legislative functions 
and it was discovered that its first enactment was an appropria- 
tion of $1,000,000 gold for roads, and its fifth a law establish- 
ing a civil service in the Islands, based upon a merit qualifica- 
tion, followed in quick succession by a municipal code providing 
for local self-government, a provincial code, and many other 
acts drawn on broad, liberal, American lines, — all of which were 
put into execution as soon as the pacified conditions in the 
provinces would permit and which served as object lessons to 



6 America in the Philippines 

the doubters, — their conversion came like that of Saul of Tarsus, 
and like him they preached among their own people the gospel 
of peace. 

Emissaries from unpacified provinces and even from insur- 
gent leaders in the field came to hear the glad tidings first- 
hand, and some of the latter expressed the willingness of their 
commanders to surrender to the civil authorities, which, of 
course, was out of the question, as they could not be negotiated 
with while offering armed resistance to American sovereignty. 

When through the military arm of the government several 
of the provinces had become pacified and the Commission 
visited them for the purpose of establishing civil government, 
the evidences of rejoicing on the part of the people were far 
less perfunctory when they found that they were called to- 
gether and consulted as to the best methods to pursue to meet 
local requirements before the law putting them under civil 
regime was enacted. This was something new and strange to 
them. The gentlemen in Congress who have asserted that 
the natives were muzzled at these meetings and not given free 
rein in the discussions, entertain an impression which has never 
been borne in upon the writer, who was present at all of them 
and acted as interpreter. 

On the first of September, 1902, there were 40 provinces 
under civil rule in the Archipelago. Of these, 30 (or 75 per cent.) 
had Filipino governors and 10 (or 25 per cent.) had American 
governors. The provincial officials in these provinces were 229 
in number, 165 (or 67 per cent.) of which were Filipinos and 82 
(or 33 per cent.) Americans. 

As an evidence of the deep interest shown by the natives in 
the workings of a new electoral system, it will not be amiss to 
refer to the case of the gubernatorial election in the Province 
of Cebu. The Provincial Government Act provides for the 
holding of an electoral convention on the first Monday of Feb- 
ruary last (the third), and 435 electors (being the vice-presidents 
and councillors of the 57 organized municipalities in the prov- 
ince) out of a possible 570 answered the roll-call of the conven- 
tion. On the last ballot for governor 434 votes were cast, of 
which the present incumbent, Juan Climaco, received 249 and 
his predecessor 122 votes, the rest being scattered. The count- 
ing of the last ballot was completed at 2 A.M. February 5, 
after the convention had been ir^ continuous session from the 



America in the Philippines 



morning of February 3, short recesses only being taken; and 
the outcome of this, their first lesson in American methods of 
conducting elections, may be summed up in the concluding 
words of the official report of the treasurer and supervisor of 
the Province of Cebu, the former an officer of the United 
States army and the latter an experienced engineer: 

" The election was absolutely fair and impartial, and the result is the evident choice 
of the people as expressed by their electors and seems to give satisfaction to the 
native population." 

The files of the Executive Bureau contain many other re- 
ports regarding these elections, all of which demonstrate the 
fact that ocular proofs of the intentions of the American gov- 
ernment and people to make good citizens out of the natives of 
the Islands are not barren of results. 

It will be seen from what precedes and follows that the civil 
authorities have " hewn straight to the line " in following the 
instructions of the President of the United States, when he says : 

" That in all cases the municipal officers who administer the local affairs of the 
people are to be selected by the people, and that wherever officers of more extended 
jurisdiction are to be selected in any way, natives of the Islands are to be preferred, 
and if they can be found competent and willing to perform the duties they are to 
receive the offices in preference to any others." 

To the average reader figures are a bore, but they are far 
more potent than words, and I shall introduce a few to show 
what the civil authorities have done in the Philippines along 
some lines in the last twenty-four months, to be set against the 
sad lists of military casualities which burdened the American 
heart as they were flashed to the homeland for so long a time. 

During the period from Sept. 1, 1900, to Sept. I, 1902, 
the United States Philippine Commission has held 224 public 
sessions and 411 executive sessions, the record of the former 
filling 1,460 typewritten pages and of the latter 1,174, a total 
in two years of 635 sessions and 2,634 pages. This shows 
that there were only 85 days in the 730 elapsing between the 
dates named upon which no session was held ; but, as a matter 
of fact, so far as the executive sessions are concerned, when two 
were held on the same day, they have been considered as one in 
this computation. During the same period 450 laws were 
enacted by the Commission, or at the rate of over four a week. 
A record this which speaks for itself. 



America in the Philippines 



The civil service of the Islands was composed on June I, 1902, 
of 2,491 English-speaking employees, and 9,986 natives, includ- 
ing 5,596 enlisted men in the Philippines Constabulary, and ex- 
cluding native school teachers receiving compensation from 
municipalities. The total yearly pay-roll of the 13,257 employ- 
ees is $5,392,680. 

The number of pupils enrolled in the day public schools of 
the Archipelago this year was 200,000 ; in the night schools 
25,000. The number of secondary schools already established 
is 8, with a strong probability that as many more will be estab- 
lished during the year. There is now one agricultural school in 
the Islands. The present number of teachers employed is 4,192, 
of which 792 are teachers of English and 3,400 natives. The 
average daily attendance during the past year is estimated at 
over 80 per cent., which is higher than in the United States, 
where it is 66f per cent. 

Since the establishment of a central civil government in 
Manila on July 4, 1901, to which all the provincial governments 
report, the work that has fallen upon the Civil Governor and 
the Executive Office can only be imagined by those who are 
acquainted with the methods prevailing in Spanish times, when 
paternalism in its most radical form prevailed, and who consider 
the fact that the system now obtaining is new to every native 
official. Matters of the most important and trivial nature are 
submitted to the Executive Office for decision through porten- 
tious-looking documents of voluminous proportions, and couched 
in the flowery and pompous Castillian style that has survived 
the centuries. But it must be said that the Filipino office-holder 
is as quick to learn as his children, and a number of the offi- 
cials have adopted the short, concise, official style of America 
in their correspondence. 

In every way the civil government has endeavored to carry 
out the educational features of the President's instructions. It 
has established an Agricultural Bureau which is conducted by 
able and experienced persons and provided with the most 
modern appliances and apparatus that will work havoc with all 
the relics of a by-gone age now in use here, that only serve to 
recall husbandry as it was on the banks of the Nile when the 
Pharaohs reigned. 

A Health Department, with ramifications throughout the 
Archipelago, has likewise been]created, and during the present 



America in the Philippines 9 

cholera epidemic it has done more to instruct the native in 
latter-day methods and to eradicate old ideas and superstitions 
than almost any other innovation. The average native by na- 
ture and Spanish teaching has always believed that he was in 
the hands of the Almighty, and was not trammeled by any 
duties or obligations. Dios ang baliala (God will provide) was 
his motto, and come better or come worse it was all the same to 
him. When the epidemic came and the Health Department 
met it heroically, he soon learned that those of his fellows who 
followed the rules laid down for preventing a spread of the 
disease were often saved, while others who supinely waited on 
Providence were taken hence, and he profited by the lesson. 
He also discovered during this time that the authorities were 
his friends and not his enemies, as he had always considered 
them in former times. 

Another great work of the civil authorities was the creation 
of the Philippines Constabulary in August of last year, a body 
which by its loyal work has justified its creation and now forms 
the bulwarks of the civil regime. Composed of 5,596 natives 
officered by 230 Americans, the large majority of whom have 
seen hard service in the field, it is gradually taking the place ot 
the army, as the latter is reduced and sent home. On Dec. 
11, 1901, the army occupied 459 posts in the Islands; on the 
15th of September, 1902, it occupied 177, the stations aban- 
doned in that time being 282. The number of army posts 
occupied by the Constabulary and military is 39, The total 
number of Constabulary posts in the Archipelago at this time 
is 225. The following figures relating to the Philippines Con- 
stabulary will also be of interest: The arms on hand on Sept. 
15, 1902, were 2,405 shotguns, 2,502 revolvers, 3,472 rifles, 
and 1,423 carbines. The number of ponies on hand was 750, 
of which 552 were fit for service. The arms captured and sur- 
rendered since the organization of the Constabulary have been 
1,316 rifles and carbines, 381 revolvers, 186 shotguns, 14 can- 
non, 6 muskets, 174 native-made guns, 6 iron and 6 wooden 
guns ; fire-arms of all kinds captured and surrendered since the 
organization of the Constabulary, 2,089; rounds of ammunition 
captured, 11,691 ; rounds assorted, 155 cannon balls, 6 cases ot 
one-pound rapid fire shells, \% cans gunpowder ; casualties to 
inspectors and enlisted men since the organization of the body, 
killed, 2 inspectors and 20 enlisted men, wounded, 42 enlisted 



10 America in the Philippines 

men, expeditions made since organization, 2,736 ; miles covered, 
110,466; stolen animals recovered since the organization, 738 
carabaos, 162 horses, 40 oxen, and 19 head of neat cattle. 

The police force of the City of Manila is remarked upon by 
every visitor to the capital. It is on a par with any similar 
body of men anywhere. 

All this has been the work of two years, and much of it has 
been accomplished in the face of great obstacles, not the least 
of which has been the securing of good material to fill the 
offices where the field is naturally limited, and the difficulty of 
retaining it. The experience of one of the large departments 
of the civil government will convey an idea of this. It em- 
ploys 475 men, and has discharged 190 of these in the last six 
months, 180 of whom resigned, in greater part to accept better 
positions in private life or in other offices. It will be readily 
seen that if the same ratio of discharges continues for the next 
six months that 82 per cent, of the force will have to be re- 
newed in the period of one year. A problem this which cries 
aloud for solution. 

Space forbids a more detailed statement of what America has 
done in the Philippines, but one thing is certain : These Islands 
have passed from the sovereignity of a nation that revels in 
retrospection to that of a young and stalwart nation that rejoices 
in anticipation. One is looking backward, the other forward. 

America is in the Philippines to protect the weak and unedu- 
cated majority from the encroachments and despotism of the 
educated and wealthy minority. She is hereto enlighten, up- 
lift, and dignify the native races and furnish them justification 
for their pride of race ; to do away with forced labor among 
them ; to teach them disinterested patriotism, and bring them 
to a realization of the fact that they best serve the public who 
forget themselves. 

America has been already long enough in the Philippines to 
show the inhabitants of these fair Islands that the men from 
the Occident came to the Orient in no repellant guise, but as 
friends who would share with them the blessings of liberty. 

The natives, as a fact, have known two Americas. The 
America they knew through the armed forces of the United 
States, they respected ; the America they came to know 
through the civil agents of the United States, they admire, and 
in the process of time — let us hope — will revere. 




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1 Zamboanga U. S. Parade Grounds 4 Igorrotes as Constabulary Men 

2 General Sumner and Staff 5 Ninety-foot Cocoanut Tree 

3 An American's Cosy Room 



Copyrighted by IlerbeitE. Ellsworth 




1 On the Trail to Vicars, Mindanao 

2 Old Spanish Fort 

3 Moro Ontpost 



4 Moro Savage 

5 An American's Home 
\ G Moro Savage 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




Body Guard for the Sultan of Jolo 
Moro Woman 



Igorrote Belle 
Negrito Boy 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




1 Ilocano Woman Weaving Silk 

2 Entrance to Zamboanga, P. I. 



3 Spanish Fort in Mindanao 

4 The Famous Sultan of Jolo (Zulu) 

and Col. Wallace, U. S. Army 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




1 The Niagara of Mindanao 

2 Moro Woman 

3 Moro Making Fish Net 



4 Blowing up Fort Pawlns 

5 Moro Savage 

6 U. S. Troops on Parade 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




1 U. S. Troops Building Bridges 

2 U. S. Troops taking it easy 

3 Filipino Belles 

4 Filipino Church Bell 



5 Filipino Fish Boats 

6 Filipino Country Store 

7 Moro Savages 










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Three Society Belles 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




Waterfall at Benguet 
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\ Gorge at Pagsanjan, P. I. 
On the Pagsanjan River 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 










A Filipino Child 
Ilocano Woman 



A Manila Girl 
Visayan Woman 



Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




1 U. S. Troops Building Bridges 

2 Church at Iloilo, P. I. 

3 U. S. Army Camp, Mindanao, P. I. 

4 Natives Treed by a Carabao 

5 War Dance of the Savages 



6 Gathering Cocoanuts 

7 Entrance to Iloilo, P. I. 
» 8 Moro Kids 

9 Street Scenes, Zamboanga, P. I. 







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1 Moro Chiefs and Slaves 

2 Fishing Stream 

3 Moro Carpenter 

4 Moro Savages 

5 General Sumner and Moro Chiefs 



6 Rice Field 

7 Filipino Fresidente's Home 

8 Filipino Funeral 

9 Camp Wallace, Manila 



Copyrighted by llerbert E. Ellsworth 




1 Moro Fishermen 

2 Moro Woman and Kid 

3 Soldiers Returning from Battle 

4 Moros carrying sick Soldier 

5 Scene at Malabang, P. I. 



6 Mule Train 

7 Soldiers and Filipino skulls 
x 8 Scene at Malabang 

9 U. S. Troops at Jolo, P. I. 




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1 Moros Bathing 7 U. S. Soldiers, Tree Choppers 

2 Filipino Pugilists 8 Moros Carrying Wounded IT. S. Soldiers 

3 Filipino Home 9 IT. S. Wagon Train 

4 IT. S. Soldier Held Up (30c.) 10 Moro Chief and Followers 

5 IT. S. Soldiers, Tree Choppers 11 Moro Kid 

6 Moro Women Fruit Venders 12 Moro Chief Visiting IT. S. Troops 




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1 Moro Market 

2 TL S Troops at Jolo, P. T. 

3 General Miles Visiting Mindanao 



4 A Happy Soldier and Carabao 

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6 Burial of U. S. Soldier 




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A pretty spot 

Matalang, Falls, Mindanao 



Ilocano Head Hunters 
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Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth 




U. S. Troops at Work Filipino Divers 

Filipino Musicians 
Filipino Water Sports 



U. S. Soldier Gettinar the Blanket 




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